PUTTING A GARDEN TO BED
Soils provide the health of a plant, and therefore, building and protecting soil is an essential part of non-chemical gardening. Soils treated well will improve year after year if the principles of soil health are followed.
CONCEPTS:
1. Fertile soil contains millions of soil organisms, which in turn, provide the nutrients to plants. Worms work in concert with soil organisms.
2. Soil organisms are living, and thus need life’s basics- food, water, and protection from too much sun.
3. Plant roots help soil organisms to survive, and are known to feed the organisms through the winter.
4. Soils that dry out will suffer death of some of the beneficial organisms.
5. In New Mexico’s blistering high-UV sun, soils generally stay healthier when covered- either with plant material including green manures (plants that provide nutrients to the soil and protection from sun and wind) as well as organic matter such as straw. This is why we planted buckwheat as a green manure in one of the unclaimed beds.
6. Regrettable, today’s straw from toxic agriculture has likely been sprayed with multiple harmful chemicals. Many of these chemicals do NOT break down easily and remain on the straw, which can contaminate even “organic” gardening. Alas, even some composts have not broken down all the pesticides and herbicides, despite claims. For example, in Washington state, farmers lost their crops when they applied compost because the compost process had not broken down a long-lasting herbicide used on the poisoned crop residues that had been used to make the compost.
7. Once soils are well-prepared and carefully protected, heavy digging the following season is not necessary. Many organic guidelines deplore exposing soil to heavy sun and wind by digging and turning soil, while others don’t.
SUGGESTED STEPS for “PUTTING THE GARDEN TO BED”
1. Cutting roots, not pulling: The more roots are allowed to remain in the soil, the more they offer support for underground soil organisms.
2. Adding nutrients: Many people cover the soil before winter with healthy manure, or compost. Some lightly bury it, some just leave it on top, especially when they are going to cover it. In permaculture classes, the technique of placing layers of cardboard, newspapers and manure is used, but this MUST be kept moist for the organisms to break down the materials. Some like to make a “tea” where compost or alfalfa or other nutrient sources are placed into water to make a “tea,” then filtered and poured on soil and directly on plants. One of the best soil advisors is Elaine Ingham, and her book is Compost Tea Brewing Manual- http://www.earthfort.com/products/literature/books/compost-tea-brewing-manual.html
3. Making moist: Wetting down the soil and the manure or compost will keep the soil alive. Totally dry soil has suffered loss of soil organisms.
4. Covering: Once all is well-watered, covering the soil with straw- safe please- or other materials is advantageous in our climate. Soil organisms are used to the dark! Watering this top layer is useful, too. In dry winters, some people water more if the soil is not frozen and is dried out.
When you come back in the spring, your soil will be far healthier than if you had let it be exposed all winter long!
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PS I have been asking around for organic straw, but alas, many farmers have switched to large bales- ie 1,200 lbs! Even if we all went together and got a shipment, this type of large bale needs special equipment to get it off the truck. It would be so advantageous if we could buy our organic supplies in bulk and have work days to prepare all the beds with safe, non-toxic materials. I learned on a farm tour that alfalfa is very nutritious and while it is not straw, it still is very beneficial. Some alfalfa gets too wet to feed to horses, and these would be great for gardening- plus cheaper. What ideas do you all have???